Pantala flavescens, the globe skimmer, globe wanderer or wandering glider, is a wide-ranging dragonfly of the family Libellulidae. This species and Pantala hymenaea, the "spot-winged glider", are the only members of the genus Pantala from the subfamily Pantalinae. It was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1798. It is considered to be the most widespread dragonfly on the planet with good population on every continent except Antarctica although rare in Europe.
Video Pantala flavescens
Characteristics
Structure of the adult
The dragonfly is up to 4.5 cm long, reaching wingspans between 7.2 cm and 8.4 cm. The front side of the head is yellowish to reddish. The thorax is usually yellow to golden coloured with a dark line and hairy. There were also specimens with a brown or olive thorax. The abdomen has a similar colour as the thorax.
The wings are clear and very broad at the base. There, too, there are some specimens with olive, brown and yellow wings. On Easter Island there are wandering gliders with black wings.
The pterostigma turns yellowish. The transparent wings may turn a yellowish shade towards the tip. The chestnut-red eyes take up most of the head, as is usual in the large dragonflies (Anisoptera). The above colours explain the many scientific descriptions of this species under different names.
Females show some differences compared with males. The general rule is, the males have reddish yellow abdomen marked with black whereas the females lack the reddish wash in abdomen. The males have golden yellow patch on base of hindwings and narrow apical brown spot at the hind border of wings. The females lack apical brown patches in wings.
In mainland males, the length of the femur, the longest leg section, varies; they also have longer front and shorter hindwings than the females. The island representatives, however, have the front and hindwings longer than the female, and the femur is the same for both sexes. There are other differences between mainland and island specimens, particularly in terms of colouring. Island representatives are generally darker.
Structure of the larva
The larva is between 24 and 26 mm long. It is light green with light, brown speckles. The round eyes are sideways on the bottom of the head, the abdomen and the tail blunt.
The paired side plates on the eleventh segment of the abdomen, the so-called paraproct, is smooth when seen from the side. The unpaired dorsal plate of the eleventh segment, called the epiproct, is roughly the same length as or longer than the paraproct. This distinguishes them from larvae of the genus Tramea, where the epiproct is shorter than the paraproct. Furthermore, the mouth parts (palpus) have 12-14 bristles and thus fewer than P. hymenaea which has 15-18 bristles.
Similar species
Pantala flavescens may be confused with the P. hymenaea, the "spot-winged glider", but this has a striking brown basal fleck in the hindwing and is generally slightly darker in colour. It might be taken for a member of the genus Tramea but these usually have a distinctive stripe on their hindwings.
Maps Pantala flavescens
Life cycle
Reproduction and development
As is usual in the Libellulidae family, there is no distinct courtship ritual. The females may pair many times, but usually only once a day.
After mating, the migrant dragonflies fly in tandem, with the female ovipositing while the male remains connected. A clutch consists of about 500 to 2000 eggs. The eggs are spheroid in shape with the semi-major axis 0.5 mm and 0.4 mm at the smallest points.
The larvae develop within 38 to 65 days, which allows this migrant dragonfly to reproduce in temporary waters or even in swimming pools. However, the larvae seem to be very sensitive to temperature. The life expectancy is not known and because of their high mobility it is almost impossible to determine.
Food
The larvae of the globe skimmer, like all dragonflies, are predatory. It forages very actively and eats fairly indiscriminately all sorts of aquatic invertebrates, such as aquatic insect larvae and small shrimps (Peracarida). Even tadpoles and small fish are used for food. The imago eats mostly small insects such as mosquitoes, swarming flying ants, and termites.
Flight behaviour
They are very conspicuous dragonflies; seen in swarms over paddy fields, playgrounds or open areas. They fly tirelessly with typical wandering flight for hours without making any perch. Their flight speed is up to 5 m/s. Especially in the autumn, the wandering glider flies in large swarms, using thermals to advantage. One report even speaks of a "cloud" covering 34 km2. They prefer moist winds. In normal flight, island populations keep to 2.5 meters above the ground and stop flying in thermal updraughts. The continental populations fly at altitudes of three to four meters, and do not stop flying even in bad weather. Those on Easter Island have adapted away from their migratory habits because to fly out to the open sea would usually mean certain death.
When landing, it seeks a vertical attitude. Like all large dragonflies, the wings are held out from the body at rest.
Distribution and flight
The globe skimmer, as its name suggests, has a very wide distribution area, between about the 40th parallels of latitude or within the 20 °C isotherm (areas of the world where the annual mean temperature is above 20 degrees Celsius), and up to about the 50th parallel north in North America. In Europe there are only occasional sightings of the species, with serious evidence to date mainly from the Aegean Sea and the adjacent mainland. All globe skimmer records from England or France are of extremely doubtful value and may arise from co-importation with shipments of bananas. An explanation for the scarcity in Europe of this otherwise common species is the barrier effect of the Sahara which generates unfavourable winds, such as the Sirocco, whose dryness makes dragonfly passage almost impossible.
Their arrival in the subtropics and tropics coincides with the Intertropical Convergence Zone. More evidence of their preference for moist winds is that the dragonfly migrates to Southeast India's Tamil Nadu only after the second monsoon, which brings the rain to that region. In the rest of India, however, it arrives with the first rain-making monsoon. Observations and stable isotope evidence suggests that they migrate from India or beyond to Africa across the Arabian Sea.
It is the highest-flying dragonfly, recorded at 6,200 m in the Himalayas. It was also first dragonfly species that settled on Bikini Atoll after the nuclear tests there. Furthermore, it is the only Odonata on Easter Island. These individuals seem to be a small gene pool, derived from the continental populations, which is slowly creating a new type by genetic drift. In colder areas like South Australia and Southern Canada, the species cannot overwinter and must therefore be replaced by new migrants each year.
According to recent research carried out by biologists at Rutgers University-Newark this species of dragonfly is the world's longest known distance traveller. Genetic evidence taken from dragonflies across the globe suggests that these small size insects are travelling vast distances to mate and are thus creating a worldwide gene pool. Another study concluded that Pantala flavescens as a near global panmictic population.
Naming
Common name
The English common names "wandering glider" and "globe skimmer" refer to its migratory behaviour. The German name Wanderlibelle means "migrant dragonfly". In Hong Kong, its name translates as "typhoon dragonfly" as it arrives with or shortly before the seasonal rain. The Japanese name is usubaki-tombo (???????) which is translated as "yellow dragonfly with delicate wings". Similarly, the South Korean name is '?????'(translated as "doenjang dragonfly") because its colour is similar to doenjang, the Korean bean paste.
Scientific name
In the scientific name Pantala flavescens, the genus name Pantala means "all wings", alluding to the big and long wings. The specific name comes from the Latin flavescens, meaning "yellowish", and refers to its distinctive golden tint.
The species was first described in 1798 as Libellula flavescens by Fabricius as follows:
L. [flavescens] alis hyalinis: stigmate niveo, corpore flavescente. Habitat in India Dom. Daldorff. Statura praecedentium. Caput flavescens oculis magnis, fuscis. Thorax flavescens, immaculatus. Abdomen compressum, flavescens linea dorsali nigra. Alae albae stigmate marginali niveo.
The first description of this underlying holotype is in the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen University taken from a female collected from India. In following years there appeared more descriptions with different names. In 1805, Palisot de Beauvois designated a specimen from Nigeria as Libellula viridula. Around 1823 the British entomologist Dale, in an unpublished manuscript, described an allegedly Norfolk-trapped male as Libellula sparing halli, It is now in the Oxford University Museum of Natural History. In 1839, the German entomologist Burmeister named a male collected in Madras as Libellula analis (now in the Zoological Collection of the University of Halle-Wittenberg) and another male from Brazil as Libellula terminalis (now in the Natural History Museum of Vienna.) In 1910, the field was cleared as Richard Anthony Muttkowski recognized that these species were all synonyms. A description made of Sympetrum tandicola (Singh) 1955 from a male collected in the Himalayas and deposited at the Zoological Survey India, Calcutta, was identified as belonging to Pantala flavescens in 1973.
Classification
Pantala flavescens and Pantala hymenaea, the spot-winged glider, are the only members of the genus Pantala. This in the only genus in the subfamily Pantalinae of the family Libellulidae. P. hymenaea is restricted to the Americas.
In cladistics the genus Pantala is also placed in the subfamily Pantalinae. There is no up-to-date investigation of the subfamilies of the Libellulidae which would permit a dichotomous representation of the phylogeny. From the current state of research, the Pantalinae cannot clearly be allocated to a subfamily rather than a sister group.
Protection status
The globe skimmer has NatureServe conservation status G5, meaning it is secure (common, widespread and abundant) worldwide. This status was awarded on 30 December 1985. In the United States, it has the national equivalent protection status N5. In Canada, however, it is lower with N4 meaning it is apparently secure - uncommon but not rare but with some cause for long-term concern. Even at this level, it is granted protected status in many states of the US and Canada.
Postage stamps
Due to its wide distribution, the globe skimmer appears on a number of stamps.
On 29 July 1974 Wallis and Futuna published a 45 franc with a dragonfly over a water surface with some plants showing. It has Michel catalog number 257 appearing in a set of insect motifs. On 9 November 1975. The Pitcairn Islands published a 15 cent with a dragonfly flying on a dark blue background. Its Miche number is 154, and it also appeared in an insect collection.
Tuvalu brought out a 10 cent on 25 May 1983 which shows a globe skimmer. The lithographic illustration was designed by J E Cooter. Its Michel number is 190, and it appeared in a set of dragonflies. The representation was limited to the dragonfly with grasses. Botswana published a six-thebe stamp showing the front of a blue dragonfly on a green background.
Wallis and Futuna published another stamp on 4 August 1998, a 36F with the dragonfly shown flying on a yellowish background. It has Michel number 736 and appeared together with other insect motifs.
The latest stamp comes from 2003 and appeared in North Korea. Its value is 15 w?n and it represents a sedentary globe skimmer on a spike.
Notes
References
Initial descriptions
- Fabricius. "Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta : Supplement" (in German). pp. 285.
- Beauvois. "Insectes recueillis en Afrique et en Amérique" (in German). pp. 69.
- Burmeister. "Handbuch der Entomologie" (in German). Band 2. pp. 852.
Secondary literature
- Arnett H. Ross jr. (2000). "American Insects. A Handbook of Insects of America North of Mexico" (in German). Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0212-9.
- Cynthia Berger (March 2004). "Dragonflies (Wild Guides)" (in German). Mechanicsburg (Pennsylvania): Stackpole Books. pp. 97. ISBN 0-8117-2971-0.
- Gerhard Jurzitza (1978). "Unsere Libellen" (in German). Franckh. ISBN 3-440-04553-6.
- Jill Silsby (2001). "Dragonflies of the World" (in German). Plymouth: The National History Museum. ISBN 0-565-09165-4.
Scientific literature and articles
- Philip S. Corbet (1999). "Dragonflies: Behaviour and Ecology of Odonata" (in German). Colchester: Harley Books. ISBN 0-946589-64-X.
- F. C. Fraser (1956). "A restatement of the case of Pantala flavescens (F.)(Odon., Libellulidae) as a casual visitor to Britain". The Entomologist's monthly Magazine (in German). 92. pp. 347-350. ISSN 0013-8908.
- J. H. Hawking; B. A. Ingram (1994). "Rate of larval development of Pantala flavescens (Fabricius) at its southern limit of range in Australia. (Odonata: Libellulidae)". Odonatologica (in German). 23. pp. 63-68. ISSN 0375-0183.
- A. Kumar (1984). "On the life history of Pantala flavescens (Fabricius) (Libellulidae: Odonata)". Annals of the Entomological Society of America (in German). 2 (1). pp. 43-50. ISSN 0013-8746.
- G. Laister (2005). "Pantala flavescens auf Rhodos, mit einem Überblick über den Status der Art in Europa (Odonata: Libellulidae)". Libellula Supplement (in German). 6. pp. 33-40. ISSN 0723-6514.
- M. Samways; R. Osborn (1998). "Divergence in a transoceanic circumtropical dragonfly on a remote island". Journal of Biogeography (in German). 25. pp. 935-946. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.1998.00245.x. ISSN 0305-0270.
- Henrik Steinmann (1997). "World Catalogue of Odonata" (in German). Band II (Anisoptera). Berlin/New York: de Gruyter. pp. 542f. ISBN 3-11-014934-6.
- K. Van Damme; H. J. Dumont (1999). "A drought-resistant larva of Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798) (Odonata: Libellulidae) in the Lencois Maranhenses, NE-Brazil". International Journal of Odonatology (in German). 2. pp. 69-76. ISSN 1388-7890.
External links
- "Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798)". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- Images
- ira reviews
- Weitere Bilder
- Bilder des Tandemflugs
- Bilder vom Schlüpfprozess (Japanese)
- Charles Anderson discovers dragonflies that cross oceans, TEDIndia 2009
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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